Conclusion:
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Unsupervised analyses revealed that most immune parameters were similar in patients and uninfected controls, apart from an increase in low density neutrophils in SARS-CoV-2 positive women. Also, patients did not show altered plasma levels of interleukin-6 or other main inflammatory molecules, but displayed significant increases of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1RA, IL-10 and IL-19, and decreased levels of IL-17, PD-L1 and D-dimer. The control of inflammation, as evidenced by soluble molecule levels, could be a possible strategy used during pregnancy to avoid virus-induced damages and maintain a normal immune response.
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Funding:
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This study also received unrestricted donations from Glem Gas spa (San Cesario, Modena, Italy), Sanfelice 1893 Banca Popolare (San Felice S.P., Modena, Italy) and Rotary Club Distretto 2072 (Clubs: Modena, Modena L.A. Muratori, Carpi, Sassuolo, Castelvetro di Modena), C.O.F.I.M. spa & Gianni Gibellini, Franco Appari, Andrea Lucchi, Federica Vagnarelli, Biogas Europa Service & Massimo Faccia, Pierangelo Bertoli Fans Club and Alberto Bertoli, Maria Santoro, Valentina Spezzani and BPER Banca. Finally, special thanks to the patients who donated blood to participate to this study.
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